Descendants of African slaves have said that they will change their surnames, after a Dutch city decided to make the procedure free of charge.
Utrecht council has decided to remove the €835 (£715) cost and bureaucracy to help people shake off their slave names and have the option to adopt one that recognises their African ancestry.
Under existing Dutch rules, if you have a surname considered ridiculous such as Anus, Garlic or Naked-born, there is no requirement to prove it is undesirable. However, if your name has its origins in the Dutch colonial legacy, an expensive psychological examination is often required on top of the fee.
Linda Nooitmeer, chair of the national institute for Dutch slavery history, says: "It's not right to then ask for money to turn back the procedure." She says her own name translates as Never Again.
Even though she's relatively happy as it was chosen by her ancestors, she is thinking of changing it. She sees Utrecht's move as "part of the healing process, to give people the freedom and identity back".
Between 1596 and 1829 the Dutch shipped more than half a million Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to work on plantations. They were treated as objects and possessions and their names were erased, part of what Linda Nooitmeer describes as the "dehumanising process.”
"Everything is stripped,” she said. “You were part of the cargo, like cattle. It's not only the name, but rituals, language, your identity, all evidence that you were African was taken away."
The Netherlands was one of the last countries to abolish slavery in 1863, 30 years after British abolition. Even then slaves in Suriname, on the north-east coast of South America, had to wait 10 years to be fully free.
Slaves were also shipped to Brazil, as well as Haiti, Curaçao and elsewhere in the Caribbean. Anyone enslaved in Suriname had to be on a slave register, so it is known that some 80,000 people lived in slavery there in the 30 years before abolition.
Freed slaves were given artificial names, often tied to the slave owner, the plantation or random amalgamations of Dutch cities or Dutch-sounding words, although regular Dutch surnames were banned. Berghout and Seedorf were used as was Madretsma (Amsterdam spelt backwards) and Eendragt, a plantation name that means harmony.
Other names translate as Obedient, Cheap, Tame and Submission. Linda Nooitmeer believes these names serve as a reminder they were once subordinate, and that the chain was never fully relinquished.
With that link to their ancestral home long destroyed, many have gone in search of their African roots to find a name that better represents who they are. Among them was Yaw, who went to Ghana.
And now Utrecht is removing the cost, he plans to make Yaw official, replacing his existing name Guno Mac Intosch. He gestures to the city hall; "As soon as that door opens. I'll be at the front of the queue."
Last year almost 3,000 people opted to switch their surnames, but only one mentioned colonial connotation. Utrecht's promise to cancel the fee and paperwork has already resulted in hundreds of expressions of interest.
"Maybe it's not the exact same name our ancestors had," Ms Nooitmeer explains. "But it was given within the spirit from Africa.
“And that's really powerful to give your children and descendants. Their names are an integral part of their identity.”
After emancipation, some created collectives and bought the cotton fields. For them, adopting a new name was an act of empowerment, as the owned became the owners.
Ms Nooitmeer believes they would have understood why their descendants were trying to rediscover what she calls their African energy. A slavery exhibition was recently held at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, curated by its head of history, Valika Smeulders.
She descends from the slavers, slavers and contractors. Their surnames include Dutch, Scottish, and Portuguese names and she considers her ancestry is very much colonial history.
For her, changing a surname is a complex, personal choice and unlikely to create an immediate rush among as many as one million people in the Netherlands. "People react very differently to circumstances,” she explains.
“So, for some, their name might be something that they want to embrace." Many people who have a Dutch name plan to keep it, because numerous studies have shown a foreign-sounding name in the Netherlands can expose you to discrimination in education, housing or employment.
Yaw's son pointed out that the Scottish name Mac In Tosch probably opened doors in his corporate life. Sitting in the shadow of the slave memorial in Amsterdam's bustling Oosterpark, Linda Nooitmeer remembers the moment Mayor Femke Halsema apologised for the council's role in the slave trade.
"It really did something to me. I would never have imagined that even four years ago. So, we're making steps."
For Yaw the Netherlands is still on a journey and the recognition of people's desire to drop their slave names represents a small but significant step. "Dutch people claim that they are really liberated and the country is liberated, then you see these things, this behaviour," he says.
The world-wide Black Lives Matter movement has made a difference, he believes, and the name-changing move is part of a process that shows greater awareness. "We are here, we built this country, and we don't let people chase us away because they say that we do not belong here," he says.
